Breakthrough in nanocrystals growth

Argonne, ILL—For the first time scientists have been able to watch nanoparticles grow from the earliest stages of their formation. Nanoparticles are the foundation of nanotechnology and their performance depends on their structure, composition, and size. Researchers will now be able to develop ways to control conditions under which they are grown. The breakthrough will affect a wide range of applications including solar-cell technology and chemical and biological sensors. The research is published in NANOLetters.

As coauthor Wenge Yang of the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory explained: "It's been very difficult to watch these tiny particles be born and grow in the past because traditional techniques require that the sample be in a vacuum and many nanoparticles are grown in a metal-conducting liquid. So we have not been able to see how different conditions affect the particles, much less understand how we can tweak the conditions to get a desired effect."

These researchers work at the Center for Nanoscale Materials and the Advanced Photon Source (APS)–both operated by Argonne National Laboratory–and the High Pressure Synergetic Consortium (HPSynC), a program jointly run by the Geophysical Laboratory and Argonne.

Evolving Nanoparticles. Caption: This image shows nanoparticles growing. Credit: Image courtesy Wenge Yang. Usage Restrictions: contact the scientist.

The scientists used high-energy X-rays from the APS to carry out diffraction studies that enabled them to gain information on the crystal structure of the materials. Thanks to the highly brilliant and high penetration of this X-ray source–the largest of its kind in the US–the researchers were able to watch the crystals grow from the beginning of their lives. The atoms scatter very short wavelength X-rays and the resulting diffraction pattern reveals the structure of these unusual particles. Quite often the chemical reaction occurs in a very short time and then evolves. The scientists used highly focused high-energy X-rays and a fast area detector, the key components to make this investigation possible.

This is the first time-resolved study of the evolution of nanoparticles from the time they are born.

HPSynC, is also a part of the Energy Frontier for Research in Extreme Environments (EFree) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center supported at Carnegie by DOE-BES. One of the missions of this center is to harness new synchrotron radiation techniques for in situ studies of materials structure and dynamics in extreme conditions and thereby to understand and produce new energy materials.

"This study shows the promise of new techniques for probing crystal growth in real time. Our ultimate goal is to use these new methods to track chemical reactions as they occur under a variety of conditions, including variable pressures and temperatures, and to use that knowledge to design and make new materials for energy applications. This is a major thrust area of the HPSynC program that we have launched in partnership with Argonne National Laboratory," remarked Russell Hemley, the director of Geophysical Laboratory. ###

The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu ) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.

Contact: Wenge Yang wyang@ciw.edu WEB: Carnegie Institution

ASU awarded $6.5M to study nanotechnology, society

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $6.5 million to the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University (CNS-ASU) to continue its work regarding the societal aspects of nanotechnology for another five years. CNS-ASU was founded in 2005 when NSF made its first five-year award of $6.2 million to ASU to create the center. These awards are part of NSF’s initiative to support research and education on nanotechnology and social change, as well as educational and public outreach activities, and international collaborations.

In 2001, the federal government established the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which identifies “responsible development” as one of four strategic goals for nanotechnology research. This award to CNS-ASU reflects NSF’s commitment to investigating the societal aspects of this promising but uncertain technology.

Nanotechnology allows controlling matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Societal benefits of using the science to create new materials, devices for medicine, electronics and energy production could be transformative. But creating such things through molecular manipulation raises not only health and safety risks but ethical and legal questions as well.

CNS-ASU's David Guston and Cynthia Selin (center) work with students at InnovationSpace.

"As technology moves forward into the nano sphere and across thousands of applications, we need new tools to help guide decision making to ensure the best and highest net impact of use,” said ASU president Michael M. Crow. “CNS will focus on this critical set of complex questions and will provide a new level of systems thinking with regard to these future technologies and their use." CNS-ASU is the largest project of ASU’s Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes (CSPO), a research center within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

CSPO’s ideas and goals – advancing change to assure that science and technology have positive impacts on human well-being – are put to the test at CNS-ASU and guide its work.

In their first five years, CNS-ASU researchers have worked side by side with scientists, engineers and decision makers to combine research, training and engagement to develop a new approach to governing emerging nanotechnologies. They have developed new knowledge and tools to increase the capacity for social learning that informs about the available choices in decision making, and to engage in anticipatory governance of nanotechnology – the ability of society and institutions to seek and understand a variety of inputs to manage emerging technologies while such management is still possible.

“The biggest question for the Center,” said David Guston, director and principal investigator at CNS-ASU and professor of politics and global studies, “is how far anticipatory governance can take us, not only in guiding societal research but in assuring the responsible development of nanotechnologies.” Guston also is co-director of CSPO.

CNS-ASU has established an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach, both through its mix of faculty and through its partnerships with many schools and units across the ASU campuses. There are 11 different doctoral disciplines among the 14 team leadership positions at CNS-ASU, with those ASU faculty members among them having academic appointments with School of Politics and Global Studies, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, School of Sustainability, School of Social Transformation, and School of Public Affairs. Other ASU faculty affiliated with CNS-ASU come from those schools and others, such as the W.P. Carey School of Business, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, School of Life Sciences, School of Letters and Sciences, College of Technology and Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.

In its first five years, CNS-ASU forged a close working relationship with the Biodesign Institute, including collaborative research proposals, joint coursework, and shared funding and training of students. CNS-ASU has begun bringing that model to the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering. Building on its partnership with the Herberger Institute’s InnovationSpace – which has allowed cross-functional teams of students to develop designs, prototypes and marketing plans for nano products of the future – CNS-ASU is ramping up a new focus on “nano in the city” with the School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture.

Under the renewal, CNS-ASU will continue its collaborations with ASU schools and affiliate faculty, and with partner institutions Georgia Tech and University of Wisconsin, to further two types of integrated research programs. First, its programs in "real-time technology assessment” (RTTA) – a social science tool that relies on understanding the social, moral, political and economic dynamics of nanotechnologies – work to understand the evolving dynamics of the nano enterprise, discern the changing perspectives of the public and scientists about nanotechnologies, and develop techniques to foster deliberation on future nanotechnology applications and integration of social and humanistic perspectives into nano-scale science and engineering.

The second set of programs are thematic research clusters (TRCs), which pursue fundamental knowledge on particular nano-and-society themes. The first TRC, continuing from the earlier award, focuses on issues in equity, equality and responsibility in the development of nanotechnologies. Under the renewal, CNS-ASU will initiate a new TRC, “Urban Design, Materials and the Built Environment,” or “nano in the city” for short, which will launch and complete a problem-oriented stakeholder analysis for the creation, dissemination and sustainable use of nanotechnologies in urban environments.

“It is particularly important,” Guston said, “to locate nanotechnologies in the city because cities are home to most of humanity and are also focal points of complex systems for such things as energy, water and transportation that will be sites for nanotechnological innovation.” Assessing how nanotechnologies may or may not contribute to the sustainability of these systems in an urban context is the primary goal of this new program.

Under the renewal, CNS-ASU will also continue to pursue formal and informal educational opportunities and build new capacities among a broad array of stakeholders and the public. CNS-ASU provides undergraduate, graduate and post-doctoral education and research training; opportunities for K-12 teacher training, assistance and curricular development; engaging events for the public, such as science museum informal education and monthly Science Cafés; and practitioner training, such as its earlier development of piloted training modules in the ethical and societal implications of nanotechnology for scientists and engineers.

A sister Center for Nanotechnology in Society at the University of California, Santa Barbara, also is being renewed by NSF with a $6.1 million grant. “These Centers play a pivotal role in understanding and anticipating the potential societal impacts of nanotechnology and engaging multiple stakeholders in discussions about the future of emerging technologies,” said Myron Gutmann, NSF assistant director of Social Behavioral and Economic Sciences. “They are truly interdisciplinary centers, spanning the social, natural and engineering sciences.”

To find out more about CNS-ASU, visit online at cns.asu.edu. ###

Contact: Cathy Arnold cathy.arnold@asu.edu 480-965-0555 Arizona State University